To understand colorectal or colon cancer you must first know what cancer is. Simply put, cancer is a malignant tumor and colon cancer is a malignant tumor of the colon. Colorectal cancer is a malignancy of the rectum. Cancer comprises a broad group of malignant neoplasms (abnormal formations of tissue such as growths or tumors) that can be divided into two groups: carcinoma and sarcoma. Carcinomas originate in the epithelial tissues (the layer of cells forming the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous and serous membranes) while sarcomas develop from connective tissues (the tissues that had their origin in mesodermal tissues). The mesoderm is a primary germ layer of the embryo from which all connective tissues arise; muscular, skeletal, circulatory, lymphatic. Both types of tumors are invasive and tend to metastasize to new sites. They both spread directly into surrounding tissues and may be distributed through the lymphatics or circulatory system.
The human colon is a muscular, tube-shaped organ measuring about 4 feet long. It extends from the end of your small bowel to your anus, twisting and turning through your abdomen (belly). The colon has 3 main functions.
To digest and absorb nutrients from food
To concentrate fecal material by absorbing fluid (and electrolytes) from it
To store and control evacuation of fecal material
The right side of your colon plays a major role in absorbing water and electrolytes, while the left side is responsible for storage and evacuation of stool.
Cancer is the transformation of normal cells. The transformed cells grow and multiply abnormally.
Left untreated, these cancers grow and eventually spread through the colon wall to involve the adjacent lymph nodes and organs. Ultimately, they spread to distant organs such as the liver, lungs, brain, and bones.
Cancers are dangerous because of their unbridled growth. They overwhelm healthy cells, tissues, and organs by taking their oxygen, nutrients, and space.
Most colon cancers are adenocarcinomas-tumors that develop from the glands lining the colon's inner wall.
These tumors are sometimes referred to as colorectal cancer, reflecting the fact that the rectum, the end portion of the colon, can also be affected.